example:
| पक्का | बच्चा | कुत्ता |
| pakkaa | bachchaa | kuttaa |
Different Consonants Cluster
In Hindi, different consonants can come together in a word. For pronunciation, one should start with the place of articulation of the first consonant, but move the tongue position to the second consonant before releasing the air.
example:
| सत्य | प्यार | त्वचा |
| saty | pyaar | twachaa |
Dependent Vowel-Consonants Cluster Conjugation
When the dependent vowels come together with the consonant clusters, the dependent vowels are marked at the second consonant in a consonant cluster.
Exception the short “i” [इ/ि) marker, the short “i” marker comes before the half/first consonant in a consonant cluster.
example:
| आ | इ | ई | उ | ऊ | ए | ऐ | ओ | औ |
| ा | ि | ी | ु | ू | े | ै | ो | ौ |
| क्या | शक्ति | पत्नी | च्युत | न्यूनतम | क्लेश | द्वैत | त्योहार | प्रौढ़ |
| kyaa | shakti | patnii | chyut | nyoonatam | klesh | dvait | tyohaar | prauRh |
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NASAL SOUNDS IN HINDI
BINDU/ANUSVAAR (ं)
In Hindi script, nasalization is marked by a superscript “bindu/anusvaar” (ं). “Bindu/anusvaar” represents the nasal sounds for all the consonant categories (velar, palatal, retroflex, dental, and labial).
To identify the correct category of the nasal sound marked by a “bindu/anusvaar,” one has to look at the next letter. The “bindu/anusvaar” belongs to the category of the next consonant letter.
Examples -
| Bindu/Anusvaar (ं) represents | Examples | ||
| Velar Nasal ङ | अंक | गंगा | कंगन |
| Palatal Nasal ञ | पंजाब | अंचल | पंचायत |
| Retroflex Nasal ण | अंडा | कंठ | पंडित |
| Dental Nasal न | अंत | हिंदी | अंधा |
| Labial Nasal म | कंबल | चंपा | लंबा |
| Bindu/Anusvaar (ं) before य and व represents preceding vowel nasalization. | संयम | संवाद | संवरण |
| Bindu/Anusvaar (ं) before र, ल, and स represents dental nasal | संसार | संरक्षण | |
| Bindu/Anusvaar (ं) before श represents palatal nasal | अंश | दंश | मंशा |
| Bindu/Anusvaar (ं) before ह represents velar nasal | सिंह | ||
CHANDRABINDU (ँ)
Chandrabindu (ँ) is used to indicate vowel nasalization.
For example: अँधा, हूँ, बाँध |
Sometimes, when vowel markings in a word do not allow space because of the superscript then instead of chandrabindu (ँ), bindu (ं) is used.
example: मैं, सिंचाई, में
In typing, it is very common to see the use of bindu (ं) instead of chandrabindu (ँ) in modern Hindi script.
Examples- मुहँ, ऊँट, पूँछ, दायाँ, चाँदी, चाँद, बायाँ, गाडियाँ
Borrowed Hindi Letters from Arabic and Persian
| Letter | Roman | Examples |
| क़ | qa | क़ब्र, क़ानून |
| ख़ | Kha | ख़त, ख़ुदा |
| ग़ | Ga | ग़ैर, ग़ालिब |
| ज़ | za | बाज़ार, वज़ीर |
| फ़ | fa | फर्क़, फ़र्श |
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