Hindi Alphabets ( Vowels, Consonants and Dependent Vowels ), Learn Hindi Reading and Writing

वर्णमाला (varnamala)

HINDI ALPHABETS

Hello, and Welcome to Learn Hindi Language Blog. this blog will be learning about Hindi Alphabet ( vowels, consonants, and dependent vowels). It’s important to get the basics right I hope this blog will be helpful for you to learn.

Hindi varnamala consists of 45 alphabets based on pronunciation, and there are 52 alphabets on the basis of writing. 

Vowels and consonants

There are 52 alphabets on a writing basis with which 13 vowels and 39 consonants

Calculation of 52 alphabets in Hindi varnmala  

Hindi vowels – स्वर(svar) (13)

अ  , आ , इ , ई , उ  ,ऊ , ए , ऐ , ओ , औ , अं , अः , ऋ 

Hindi Vowel Letters “हिन्दी स्वर्ण वर्ण”  ​

Examples of Vowel letters - 

Vowel Letters	English Examples	Hindi Examples
अ	AGAIN, ABOVE	अनार
आ	ASK, CAR	आम
इ	PIN, CHIN	इमली
ई	SEEK, FEEL	ईख
उ	PUT, PULL	उल्लू
ऊ	SCHOOL, MOON	ऊन
ए	PEN, HEN	एक
ऐ	TAN, VAN	ऐनक
ओ	POSTER, MOST	ओखली
औ	CAUGHT, THOUGHT	औरत
अं	UNDER, UNDELIVER	अंडा
अ:	RAMA, SHIVA	दुःख, अतः
ऋ	KRISHNA, KRISHI	ऋषि

Hindi	अ	आ	इ	ई	उ
English	a	aa	i	ii	u
Hindi	ऊ	ए	ऐ	ओ	औ
English	oo	e	ai	o	au
Hindi
English		un	uh	Ri

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Hindi consonants – व्यंजन(vyanjan) (33 )

क , ख , ग , घ , ड 

च , छ , ज , झ , ञ 

ट , ठ , ड , ढ , ण 

त , थ , द , ध , न 

प , फ , ब , भ , म 

य , र , ल , व

श , ष , स , ह 

    4 combined consonants 

क्ष , त्र , ज्ञ, श्र  

2 Binary consonants 

ड़,ढ़ 

	Place of Articulation	Unvoiced Unaspirated	Unvoiced Aspirated	Voiced Unaspirated	Voiced Aspirated	Nasal
Hindi	Velar	क	ख	ग	घ	ङ
English		ka	kha	ga	gha	nga
Hindi	Palatal	च	छ	ज	झ	ञ
English		cha	chha	ja	jha	nja
Hindi	Retroflex	ट	ठ	ड/	ढ/	ण
English		Ta	Tha	Da/Ra	Dha/Rha	Na
Hindi	Dental	त	थ	द	ध	न
English		ta	tha	da	dha	na
Hindi	Labial	प	फ	ब	भ	म
English		pa	pha	ba	bha	ma
Hindi	Semi-vowels	य	र	ल	व
English		ya	ra	la	va/wa
Hindi	Sibilants	स	श	ष
English		sa	sha	shha
Hindi	Glotal	ह
English		ha
Hindi	Clusters
English		ksha	tra	jna

Examples of Consonants Letters- 

Consonants	English	Hindi	Notes
क	SKILL, SKID	कलम, कपड़ा
ख		खरगोश, खरा	“ख” is pronounced as “क,” but with aspiration (extra puff of air).
ग	GUN, GATE	गमला, गड़बड़
घ		घर, घड़ी	“घ” is pronounced as “ग,” but with aspiration (extra puff of air).
ङ		गंगा, कंघी	Velar nasal does not explicitly appear in a word. It comes as a dot (.) above the letter to show nasalization.
च	PEACH, SWITCH	चरखा, चरित्र
छ		छत, छड़ी	“छ” is pronounced as “च,” but with aspiration (extra puff of air).
ज	JUG, JOKER	जग, जटिल
झ		झरना, झगड़ा	“झ” is pronounced as “ज,” but with aspiration (extra puff of air).
ञ		पंजाब, पंच	Palatal nasal does not explicitly appear in a word. It comes as a dot (.) above the letter to show nasalization.
ट	BAT, VAT	टमाटर, टमटम
ठ		ठठेरा, ठग	“ठ” is pronounced as “ट,” but with aspiration (extra puff of air).
ड	GUARD, CARD	डमरू, डब्बा
ढ		ढक्कन, ढहना	“ढ” is pronounced as “ड,” but with aspiration (extra puff of air).
ण		ठंडा, अंडा	Retroflex nasal does not explicitly appear in a word. It comes as a dot (.) above the letter to show nasalization.
त		तरबूज, तनाव	“त” is pronounced as “ट,” with the tongue at dental position.
थ		थरमस, थकना	“थ” is pronounced as “त,” but with aspiration (extra puff of air).
द	THE, THEN	दवा, दरवाज़ा
ध		धन, धनुष	“ध” is pronounced as “द,” but with aspiration (extra puff of air).
न	NEW, NEAR	नल, नहाना
प	APP, SLEEP	पतंग, पलंग
फ		फल, फटना	“फ” is pronounced as “प,” but with aspiration (extra puff of air).
ब	TUBE, PUB	बकरी, बदन
भ		भलाई, भरोसा	“भ” is pronounced as “ब,” but with aspiration (extra puff of air).
म	MOM, MONKEY	मछली, ममता
य	YELLOW, YES	यज्ञ, यश
र	ROOM, RIVER	रस्सी, रचना
ल	LIGHT, LARGE	लट्टू, लड़का
व	WATER, WINE	वर्दी, वकील	Hindi has only “व” for English “W,” and “V.”
स	SUNDAY, SERVE	सब्ज़ी, सड़क
श	SHOES, SHIP	शलगम, शत
ष		षट्भुज, षड्यंत्र	“ष” is pronounced as “श,” with the tongue at retroflex position.
ह	HINDI, HUB	हरा, हरिन
क्ष		क्षत्रिय, वृक्ष	“क्ष”  is a borrowed letter from Sanskrit. It does not have an English equivalent.
त्र		पत्र, पात्र	“त्र”  is a borrowed letter from Sanskrit. It does not have an English equivalent.
ज्ञ		यज्ञ,	“ज्ञ”  is a borrowed letter from Sanskrit. It does not have an English equivalent.

Note-

Hindi consists of 45 alphabets (हिंदी वर्णमाला) on a pronunciation basis in which 10 vowels and 35 are consonants 

Calculation of 45 alphabets in Hindi varnamala 
 
Hindi vowels – स्वर (10)
अ  , आ , इ , ई , उ  ,ऊ , ए , ऐ , ओ , औ

 
Hindi consonants – व्यंजन (35)
क , ख , ग , घ , ड 
च , छ , ज , झ , ञ 
ट , ठ , ड , ढ , ण 
त , थ , द , ध , न 
प , फ , ब , भ , म 
य , र , ल , व
श , ष , स , ह , 
ड़ ,ढ़

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DEPENDENT VOWELS

Vowels in Hindi can be written independently and dependently. When we write a word we need to conjugate consonants with a vowel letter. In order to write that consonant and vowel clusters, we need to use dependent vowel marking attached to consonants. Here is a list of dependent vowel markers.

Independent	अ	आ	इ	ई	उ
Dependent	Ø	ा	ि	ी	ु
Independent	ऊ	ए	ऐ	ओ	औ
Dependent	ू	े	ै	ो	ौ
Independent		अं	अ:	ऋ
Dependent		ं	ः	ृ

 

Dependent vowel and consonant conjugation

		Half consonants
		क्	ग्	त्	द्	प्	व्	स्	ह्
Independent Vowels	Dependent Vowels	Conjugated consonant letters
अ	Ø	क	ग	त	द	प	व	स	ह
आ	ा	का	गा	ता	दा	पा	वा	सा	हा
इ	ि	कि	गि	ति	दि	पि	वि	सि	हि
ई	ी	की	गी	ती	दी	पी	वी	सी	ही
उ	ु	कु	गु	तु	दु	पु	वु	सु	हु
ऊ	ू	कू	गू	तू	दू	पू	वू	सू	हू
ए	े	के	गे	ते	दे	पे	वे	से	हे
ऐ	ै	कै	गै	तै	दै	पै	वै	सै	है
ओ	ो	को	गो	तो	दो	पो	वो	सो	हो
औ	ौ	कौ	गौ	तौ	दौ	पौ	वौ	सौ	हौ
अं	ं	कं	गं	तं	दं	पं	वं	सं	हं
अ:	ः	क:	ग:	त:	द:	प:	व:	स:	x
ऋ	ृ	कृ	गृ	तृ	दृ	पृ	वृ	सृ	हृ

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